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McGraw-Hill’s Essential American Slang Dictionary This page intentionally left blank McGraw-Hill’s Essential American Slang Dictionary Second Edition Richard A. Spears, Ph.D. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-158934-1 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-149785-4. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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DOI: 10.1036/0071497854 For more information about this title, click here Contents Introduction to the Second Edition vii Terms, Symbols, and Abbreviations ix Pronunciation Guide Slang Dictionary xii 1 v This page intentionally left blank Introduction to the Second Edition This dictionary is a resource cataloging the meaning and usage of frequently occurring slang and colloquial expressions in the U.S.A. It contains expressions that are familiar to many Americans and other expressions that are used primarily within small groups of people. These expressions come from movies, novels, newspaper stories, and everyday conversation. The entries represent the vocabulary found in many places, such as the college campus and urban streets. We hear slang from surfers, weight lifters, and young people in general. There is no standard test that will decide what is slang and what is not. Expressions that are identified as slang are sometimes little more than entertaining wordplay, and much slang is little more than an entertaining, alternative way of saying something. Slang is rarely the first choice of careful writers or speakers or anyone attempting to use language for formal, persuasive, or business purposes. Nonetheless, expressions that can be called slang make up a major part of American communication in movies, television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and informal spoken conversation. Young people are responsible for a high proportion of the fad expressions and collegiate wordplay found here. It is no surprise that there are a large number of clever expressions for sex, drinking, and vomiting from this source. Other matters of social taboo have provided many slang expressions as well. Although, strictly speaking, vii Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Introduction to the Second Edition taboo words are not slang, the major taboo words have been included in this dictionary. Many of us enjoy “presenting” a new slang term to a listener by slipping it into conversation. As listeners, many of us enjoy hearing a new slang term and figuring out what it means, using context, setting, and our own brain power. This element of social wordplay is primarily what attracts word-wise people to slang and what makes a dictionary of this type interesting reading as well as a useful reference work. This edition is a 2,000-entry abridgement of the fourth edition of American Slang Dictionary and focuses on recent slang as well as a selection of entertaining locutions that exhibit the highly creative nature of slang and its users. viii Terms, Symbols, and Abbreviations 䉬 marks the beginning of an example in the main dictionary and serves as a separator in the indexes. [ ] enclose parts of a definition that aid in its understanding but are not represented in the entry head. abb. abbreviation, referring to both acronyms and initialisms. acronym a kind of abbreviation where the initial letters or syllables of the words of a phrase are combined into a pronounceable word, such as GIGO = garbage in, garbage out. AND indicates that additional variants follow. black people of African descent and other dark-skinned people. cliché an overly familiar and trite phrase. comp. abb. computer abbreviation, the initialisms and acronyms used in computer communications, such as email and instant messaging. exclam. an exclamation. Go to indicates that the information you want is at the entry listed after Go to. Leave this entry and go to the one indicated. ix Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Terms, Symbols, and Abbreviations in. an intransitive verb or phrase containing an intransitive verb. initialism a kind of abbreviation where the initial letters of the words in a phrase are pronounced one by one, such as BCNU = Be seein’ you. interj. an interjection. interrog. an interrogative. mod. a modifier of some type, such as an adjective or adverb. n. noun or noun phrase. phr. a phrase. pro. a pronoun. See also indicates that there is additional information at the entry listed after See also. Consult or consider the entry indicated. It is not required that you visit the indicated entry to understand the current entry. See also does not mean “synonymous with” the entry indicated. sent. a sentence. so someone. sth something. streets slang associated with street gangs and the poplular “gangsta” culture. Many elements are taken from the rap or hip-hop music scene. taboo avoided in polite, formal, dignified, older, or refined settings. term of address a word that can be used to address a person directly. x Terms, Symbols, and Abbreviations tv. a transitive verb or phrase containing a transitive verb. underworld slang from criminal and organized crime. Overlaps with streets. white people of European descent and other lightskinned people. xi Pronunciation Guide Some expressions in the dictionary are followed by a phonetic transcription in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols. These expressions include words whose pronunciations are not predictable from their spellings, difficult or unfamiliar words, and words where the stress placement is contrastive or unique. The style of pronunciation reflected here is informal and tends to fit the register in which the expression would normally be used. A [d] is used for the alveolar flap typical in American pronunciations such as [wad#] “water” and [@”naI@led@d] “annihilated.” The transcriptions distinguish between [a] and [O] and between [w] and [W] even though not all Americans do so. In strict IPA fashion, [j] rather than the [y] substitute is used for the initial sound in “yellow.” The most prominent syllable in a multisyllabic word is preceded by a [”]. The use of “and” or “or” in a phonetic transcription echoes the use of “and” or “or” in the preceding entry phrase. The use of “...” in a transcription indicates that easy-to-pronounce words have been omitted. Parentheses used in a transcription either correspond to parentheses in the preceding entry phrase or indicate optional elements in the transcription. For instance, in [“artsi “krAf(t)si] “artsy-craftsy,” the “t” may or may not be pronounced. The following chart shows the American English values for each of the IPA symbols used in the phonetic transcriptions. To use the chart, first find the large phonetic symbol whose value you want to deter- xii Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Pron

Cokelat, camilan yang digemari jutaan orang di seluruh dunia, kini dihadapkan pada kenaikan harga biji kakao yang signifikan. Hal ini dikarenakan wabah penyakit dan penurunan hasil panen yang mengubah lanskap produksi cokelat. Bagi para pecinta cokelat dan pelaku usaha di industri makanan, memahami dampak berantai dari situasi ini menjadi sangat penting.

Seperti yang disorot dalam buletin triwulanan terbaru ICCO (Organisasi Kakao Internasional), industri kakao saat ini tengah bergulat dengan defisit yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya. Kekurangan global diproyeksikan mencapai 374.000 ton akibat penurunan pasokan yang drastis. Para ahli bahkan memperkirakan kekurangan hingga 500.000 ton tahun ini, menandai defisit pasokan kakao terbesar dalam sejarah.

Penurunan ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, di antaranya:

Sekitar 70% kakao dunia berasal dari daerah rawan penyakit ini, yang menunjukkan betapa pentingnya praktik berkelanjutan dan solusi inovatif untuk menjaga masa depan cokelat.

Bagaimana Industri Cokelat Bereaksi?

Di tengah situasi ini, industri cokelat dihadapkan pada dua pilihan: menyerap kenaikan biaya atau membebankannya kepada konsumen.

Beberapa produsen cokelat mungkin memilih untuk menaikkan harga produk mereka secara langsung. Hal ini tentu saja akan membuat cokelat semakin mahal bagi konsumen.

Namun, ada juga kekhawatiran bahwa industri cokelat akan menggunakan langkah-langkah penghematan biaya untuk menjaga harga tetap rendah. Praktik seperti "shrinkflation" (mengurangi ukuran kemasan dengan tetap mempertahankan harga), mengurangi kandungan kakao, dan penggunaan bahan tambahan yang tidak sehat seperti gula, atau penggunaan cocoa butter equivalents (CBE) yang lebih murah, dikhawatirkan akan marak terjadi.

Dampak Domino: Harga Biji Kakao Meroket

Dampak dari anjloknya pasokan kakao tidak hanya terbatas pada industri itu sendiri. Konsumen pun ikut merasakannya, dengan harga cokelat yang terus meningkat.

Harga biji kakao sendiri telah mengalami lonjakan fantastis. Pada Maret 2023, harga berada di sekitar $2620 per ton. Namun, per 23 April 2024, harga telah meroket menjadi $11.771 per ton, (lebih dari empat kali lipat). Kenaikan harga bahan baku ini mau tidak mau akan diteruskan kepada konsumen oleh para produsen cokelat.

Konsekuensi Bagi Konsumen

Bagi pecinta cokelat, dampak dari kenaikan harga biji kakao ini sangat terasa. Harga eceran cokelat kemungkinan akan naik, mencerminkan peningkatan biaya produksi yang ditanggung oleh produsen.

Selain itu, kualitas atau ukuran produk mungkin juga berubah karena perusahaan beradaptasi dengan tekanan biaya.

Di Tulip Chocolate, kami berkomitmen untuk tidak berkompromi dengan kualitas yang diharapkan pelanggan dan telah memutuskan untuk mempertahankan standar kualitas kami.

Memprediksi prospek harga biji kakao di tahun 2025 adalah hal yang rumit karena berbagai faktor yang dapat memengaruhi pasar. Namun, mengingat situasi yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dalam industri kakao, setiap produsen dalam industri ini sedang memasuki wilayah yang belum dipetakan terkait dengan lintasan harga kakao.

Tulip Chocolate terus memantau situasi pasar dan akan selalu memberi informasi terbaru kepada para pecinta cokelat. Kami di Tulip Chocolate berjanji untuk menjunjung tinggi kualitas dan standar yang diharapkan pelanggan dan tidak akan menggunakan CBE atau langkah penghematan biaya lainnya yang berdampak pada hasil produksi.

Dinamika Pasokan dan Permintaan yang Berubah

Di satu sisi, serangan penyakit pada perkebunan kakao menyebabkan pasokan global biji kakao menyusut. Di sisi lain, permintaan cokelat terus meningkat, terutama di pasar negara berkembang seperti China dan India. Ketidakseimbangan antara pasokan dan permintaan ini memberikan tekanan ke atas harga biji kakao.

Produsen cokelat, yang dihadapkan pada biaya produksi yang lebih tinggi, harus menanggung sendiri biaya tersebut atau mentransfernya kepada konsumen.